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Marie Françoise "Fanny" Bernard (née Martin) (16 September 1819 – 9 October 1901)〔http://marduel.com/dossiers/claude-bernard.pdf, p.32〕 was the wife of the French physiologist, Claude Bernard. Claude (1813–1878) is credited as the father of physiology, but was also called the "prince of vivisectors" for his research methods.〔For the latter, see ("The Vivisectors' Directory" ), ''St. Louis Courier of Medicine'', Volume 13, February 1885, p. 138.〕 Opposed to his research, Marie Françoise separated from Bernard in 1870 and set up an anti-vivisection society.〔Rudacille, Deborah. ''The Scalpel and the Butterfly''. University of California Press, 2000, p. 19.〕 ==Background== The couple married in Wednesday, 7 May 1845 (or 1843), and it was Marie Francoise's dowry from her father, a physician, that allowed Bernard to pursue his studies under François Magendie at the Collège de France in Paris.〔Wolf, Stewart. "Introduction to the Transaction Edition," in Bernard, Claude. ''Experimental Medicine''. Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. vii.〕 Charles C. Gross writes that Bernard became known, during his early career, for a number of discoveries, including the glycogenic function of the liver, the role of the pancreas in digestion, the regulation of temperature by vasomotor nerves, the action of curare and carbon monoxide, and the vagal control of cardiac function.〔Gross, Charles C. ''A Hole in the Head: More Tales in the History of Neuroscience''. MIT Press, 2009, p. 186.〕 Magendie, Bernard and his fellow physiologists—men such as Charles Richet in France and Michael Foster in England—were strongly criticized for the vivisection they carried out on animals, particularly dogs. Anti-vivisectionists infiltrated Magendie's lectures in Paris, where he was dissecting dogs without anaesthetic, allegedly shouting "''Tais-toi, pauvre bête!''" ("Shut up, you poor beast!") while he worked on them.〔Gratzer, Walter. ''Eurekas and Euphorias: The Oxford Book of Scientific Anecdotes''. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 224.〕 Marie Françoise was opposed to the research. The marriage had been arranged to allow Bernard to finance his work, and was not a happy one; she resented his low salary and disagreed with the vivisection he conducted. The couple had three children—Jeanne-Henriette, Marie-Claude, and a son who died in infancy—before she separated from him in 1870, despite being a Roman Catholic, and set up an anti-vivisection society.〔Rudacille 2000, p. 19. *For the children, see "Claude, Bernard," in Oakes, Elizabeth. ''Encyclopedia of World Scientists''. Volume 1, Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 57.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marie Françoise Bernard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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